How To Care for Orphaned Wild Cottontail Bunnies
Orphan Cottontail Rabbits
Ron Hines DVM PhD
All Of Dr. Hines’ Other Wildlife Rehab Articles
Orphaned wildlife tend to knock on the doors of kind-hearted people for assistance more than once. So for baby birds go here, opossums here, raccoons here, squirrels here and here. Turtles here. Bobcats and other such creatures are for professionals only, but go, here. Wild rabbits in North America do not require vaccinations. That does not mean they cannot spread diseases. Be clean.
This spring seemed like a good time to take another look at raising baby cottontail bunnies. Of all the foundling creatures that ended up on my animal hospital doorstep, baby cottontails are the hardest to successfully raise. I took some time to speak to some remarkable individuals who rehabilitate large numbers of cottontails, the manufacturers of milk replacements, experts on the organisms that grass-eating animals use to process their foods and most of the veterinarians who lead in rabbit-care in the United States and Canada.
If you are reading this article because you wish to make a pet out of a young wild rabbit you have found – forget it. It is not going to work out. Get a domestic rabbit. There are plenty of them for sale inexpensively and in need of a home at rabbit shelters across the US.
For another take on raising baby cottontails, read my friend Lou Rea Kenyon’s advice. The Wayback Machine captured these two articles as they appeared on her website in 2006. Read them in its combined form here: Bunnies-Kenyon
This Is A Common Story That My Clients Tell Me:
“I was mowing my grass and accidentally went over a cottontail rabbit nest. Some of the babies are still alive”.
Or: “My cat just arrived home with a baby bunny and presented it to me as a present”. Or: “my kids just brought a little rabbit home. What should I do?” Or: “I just found a nest of baby bunnies and their mother seems to have abandoned them”
What Should You Do If Something Similar Happens To You?
If you just happened to stumble on a nest, you need to understand that nursing wild mother cottontails only feed their babies intermittently during the night and for a few minutes in the early morning hours. That is the only time you will see the mother at the nest. So, you might falsely assume that the mother is neglecting her litter or that she has completely abandoned them when these babies are actually in no danger.
Also, young cottontails can live independently at a surprisingly young age. Look at the bunny in my hands in the second photograph. If the one you found is that size, it can do quite well on its own. Just be sure you and your neighbor’s cats and dogs are confined for a few weeks. Do not tame or pet this baby because it needs to remain fearful of pets and humans to survive.
Baby cottontail eyes open at 6–8 days. Mothers wean their offspring at 4–5 weeks of age. If it is over six and a half inches long from tail to nose, re-release it where it was found – the mother is still nearby. Over half the baby cottontails brought to me really didn’t need to be rescued. If the one you found doesn’t look like the one in the photograph, or you are just interested in knowing more about cottontails, please read on:
Is This Baby Really An Orphan?
Rabbits leave their nest when they are only 5 inches or so long. At this stage, they will be sniffing and nibbling at the plants around them and carrying their ears erect. They may seem too small and fragile to survive without their mothers – but they are not. If you had to run after or corner the bunny, and it appears to be uninjured, take it back where you found it. If there are too many cats and dogs there, take it to a thick brushy area at the edge of a grassy meadow and release it there.
Some people stumble on a rabbit nest and assume the babies are orphans because the mother is nowhere to be seen. As I mentioned, mother bunnies only tend to their babies from sunset to sunrise and even then, they only stay close to their babies and nurse them for short periods. If the area where you discovered them is free from immediate danger, put the bunnies back in it cover it with a light layer of dry grass and leaves, and check it the following morning for small clues that the mother visited during the night. If the babies’ tummies are plump, if you see a “milk line” through their skin, or if the string you place over the nest has been disturbed, the mother is doing her job. If the babies are cold, dehydrated, or weaker than they were the previous day, you will need to remove them if they are to survive.
We Have Touched The Bunnies, I suppose The Mother Will Abandon Them Now?
This probably will not happen. Rabbits have a very good sense of smell, but predators and humans pass through their environment every day. A momma bunny’s maternal instincts are strong, and it is not a threatening scent but a threatening presence that cottontail rabbits try to avoid.
However, if you have destroyed the high grass with a lawnmower, if your dog dug them up, or if the area surrounding the nest has been significantly changed, the mother will probably not continue to care for her babies.
How Old Is This Little Bunny?
When cottontails are first born, they weigh in the neighborhood of 28–40 grams (1-1.4 oz), depending on the strain of cottontail and the litter size. By the time they venture out on their own, they weight 100 –130 grams (3.5- 4.6 oz).
Here are some things you can look for to decide the approximate age of the bunny:
Baby’s naked or only thin fur or fluff = 1–7 days
Baby’s ears are still closed = 1–7 days
Baby’s eyes open at about 5–7 days
Baby’s ears stand erect = 9–12 days
Baby has a complete hair coat 14 days
Baby’s show interest and begin nibbling on items about = 12 -15 days
Babies become more active and begin leaving the nest to explore about 15–20 days
Baby 5–6 inches long at 17–22 days
Baby is nervous, jumpy, spooky, responds to sudden noises, ears erect = 21 days +
Is It Hard To Successfully Raise A Wild Cottontail Orphan?
Yes
Baby cottontail rabbits are the most difficult of all furry wildlife orphans to successfully raise or rehabilitate.
Wild bunnies have the same basic needs and medical problems that domestic rabbits do. However, the conditions in which they survive and thrive are much narrower than that of domestic rabbits. Like all wild prey animals, cottontail rabbits are very easy to fatally overstress. They mature much faster than domestic rabbits and when they go down hill, they do so very fast and rarely give you time to correct the problem that caused it.
Successfully raising these bunnies is a major commitment in time and dedication. You can’t rush it, you can’t work it into your schedule around other commitments – like kids and work hours. Some people seem to naturally have this nurturing talent while others who love wildlife just as much do not. Some people are just too giving and over-feed these babies. Those people can do more by just offering support to others that are more successful at it.
People who raise orphan cottontail rabbits loose them in three ways:
The earliest, die from trauma and harsh exposure before they were brought to rehabilitation centers. Baby bunnies do not have reserves to fall back on when they are deprived of food, warmth and shelter for more than a day. House cat-captured bunnies, in particular, often die from infections and stress.
The second group of babies die due to lack of their mother’s protective antibodies passed on to them through natural rabbit milk.
The third and most common cause of death is failure to establish normal rabbit flora (bacteria) in their intestinal tract at the time they are weaning.
Of course, a lot of other things can go wrong. I have seen improper temperature, poorly concocted diets, over feeding, bad sanitation and stressful environment all do in baby cottontails.
What Is The Best Way To Hand-rear Baby Cottontails?
There are as many variations in raising infant cottontails as there are people doing it and everyone naturally thinks their way is the best. Just like the roads in your City, there are often several fine ways to get to your destination. There are also some roads that are bumpy, dead ends or quite dangerous. This pertains particularly to milk formulas and feeding schedules. I can tell you the ones that I know work well. But that doesn’t mean there are not others.
Are There Any Laws That Say I Can Not Care For This Baby Rabbit?
Yes
There are probably plenty of these laws where you live. Wildlife officials do not care about the fate of any single, orphaned cottontail rabbit or litter. They design laws to “mange” wildlife in general. Most see cottontails as a resource to be “harvested” during rabbit season or as a food resource for other wildlife. It would be very difficult to design laws that made exceptions for the baby that you just found.
As a tidbit to public opinion, and in an attempt to make things more manageable, most State agencies make an exception for licensed wildlife rehabilitators and wildlife rehabilitation centers. It is undeniably true that people who make a career out of raising orphan wildlife tend to get better at it with time. They apprentice with others, take training courses and read up on the subject. Some will have better success rates than you will – even if you follow my advice. They also handle the discovery of a dead bunny in the cage better than most of you will. But I am not going to get in to what you should or should not do with this bunny – that’s not what this article is about.
If you are helping this bunny because you feel sorry for it, I prefer you not leave it off at wildlife centers that take in birds of prey and small carnivores for reasons I will not dwell on. Find a rehabilitator that cares for only wild rabbits and squirrels. Avoid facilities that have multiple volunteers caring for individual cottontails – that never works out well. Avoid surrendering the bunny to people who are unpleasant or speak badly about other wildlife rehabilitators. Bunnies are very attune to the personalities of their caregivers. They like calm, pleasant, nurturing people.
How Much Human Contact Should This Bunny Have?
That depends on where and how soon you plan to release it.
There are two conflicting processes working here. The first is that baby bunnies are calmer, easier to feed and less stressed when they are comfortable with the touch and presence of the person who feeds and cares for them. Initially, bunnies may seem tame and accepting of handling when they are actually terrified and frozen with fear. The older the baby is when it is found, the more likely this reaction. If the baby you found is capable of feeding itself entirely on plants, minimize your contact with it. That way, it will be more likely to survive when you do release it.
If it is younger, with repeated handling and caressing it will calm down, relax and thrive. But its trusting nature will be a disability to its survival when you are no longer there to protect it. I know of no easy solution for this. Bunnies that no longer have normal fear responses need to be released in locations where they are protected from humans, pets and predators if they are to survive. There is an element of this problem in all bunnies that are hand raised, but it will be worse in those that have the most human contact. However, some bunny rehabilitators have found that those with the most human contact thrive the best. An alternative is to release trusting bunnies in stages, moving them to larger and larger pens and visiting them less and less, until their natural spookiness returns.
Harmony is important. Just as the temperament of the caregiver is important, so are things like sunshine, bright colors, calming background music, a gentle voice and the presence of a few other bunnies of similar age.
At What Temperature Should I Keep The Baby?
Buy an aquarium thermometer or chick hatchery thermometer at a pet supply house or feed store.
The bunny’s environment should be cozily warm, but not hot. The body temperature of adult cottontails is about 101.5 – 102.5 F. Babies run a degree or two cooler. If room temperature is kept at 78-80F, furred bunnies usually remain warm by just snuggling down in their nest, particularly if there is more than one.
Smaller bunnies and chilled bunnies and bunnies maintained at colder temperatures need supplemental heat. An ordinary heating pad, on its lowest setting, placed under 1/3 –1/2 of the primary box they are in should be sufficient. Too hot an environment is as damaging as one that is too cold.
Smaller, babies without complete fur really need an incubator to keep them at the proper temperature. These can be improvised using a low wattage light bulb. But you need to get it to a constant temperature before the bunnies are put in it.
What Are Some Of The Main Reasons Baby Bunnies Do Not Survive? (Stress Of Neglect, Predator Trauma, Chilling, Dehydration, etc.)
Sometimes, too much time passed and too many stressful things happened to this baby before it came to you.
On hot days, baby rabbits can dehydrate rapidly. Once dehydration is severe enough, giving fluids orally is no longer sufficient.
House cats are major predators of urban rabbits. They tend to take them just about the time they leave the nest. Cats love to bring these unfortunate babies home to play with – never quite killing them. Some of these bunnies die from bacteria carried in the cat’s mouth while others are just stress beyond recovery.
Unseasonably cold or rainy weather is tough on baby rabbits. Some will leave the nest too early and may be beyond recovery when they are found.
Early Mortality Due To Lack Of Colostrum And Natural Milk Factors
This is particularly a problem in babies that are under 2 weeks of age.
Cottontail mother’s milk has protective ingredients (“antimicrobial fatty acids”) that artificial milk replacements cannot duplicate. (ref) Others call these ingredients “stomach oils”. Their first milk (colostrum) is very rich in an active form of vitamin A called retinol – something not found in replacement formulas but essential for normal development.
Baby bunnies receive protective antibodies from their mothers while they are still in the womb. But during the next 10–12 days of their lives, this antibody is lost. Mother rabbit milk also contains these same antibodies (immunoglobulins) that help protect the baby during its first 12 days. Hand-raised bunnies are at a major disadvantage in not receiving them in that they are more susceptible to infections.
Antibiotics are not a solution to this problem. They may prolong the baby’s survival by a few days, but they cause more harm than good by destroying protective good bacteria along with the bad.
Should I Add Lactobacillus (Probiotics)?
Healthy baby rabbits do not naturally have lactobacillus bacteria in their intestinal tract or stomach, and it is unknown if any of these bacteria can actually survive the high acid content of the baby rabbit stomach. But that doesn’t mean that lactobacillus and other probiotics bacteria might not help protect them from dangerous bacteria during their first 2–3 weeks of life. In the lab, these bacteria are known to protect rabbits from the toxic effects of certain bacteria, and they seem to protect rodents under stress. They promote the formation of an acid (lactic acid) environment which might help prevent harmful bacteria from flourishing.
Some bunny rehabbers feel that probiotics do help somewhat in preventing intestinal disorders. The products they commonly use are PetAg’s Bene-Bac™, Fox Valley’s Formula LA200 or human Flora Smart in dried or past culture.
But a greater number of folks find that giving natural rabbit cecotrophes beginning when the baby is 3 days old works better. Cecotrophes are the soft night stool of rabbits. When given, a pea-size amount is sufficient. Place it in the bunny’s mouth rather than mixing it with its formula. Whether or not you give the baby probiotics, giving cecotrophes will be essential to the bunny’s survival. You may find that “yucky” but human physicians are just now learning how important intestinal bacteria are to good health.
Probiotics products are not a substitute for seeding the baby cottontail with its normal bacteria as quickly as you can. I do not give both cecotrophes and lactobacillus/bifidobacter cultures simultaneously because Lactobacillus promotes an acid environment, in which cecotrophic organisms do not thrive. In rodents, it takes a minimum of 59 separate organism strains before the physiology of their digestive tract remains normal. A total of 55 different organisms of this type were found to naturally live in cottontails. (read here)
Bunnies Lost Due To Improper Formulas
There is no end to the curious things people attempt to feed baby cottontails. The usual thing that does them in is feeding cows milk. It is not the lactose in cow’s milk that is the problem, the lactose level of goat milk formula is higher. The problem with cow’s milk is that it is too dilute in nutrients to sustain baby cottontails. Other than cow’s milk, things like honey apple sauce and sugary fruit additions are really not things baby bunnies are equipped to digest.
Bunnies Lost Due To Overfeeding
This is one of the biggest problems in feeding baby bunnies. It is just hard for many of us to stop feeding a cute bunny. My rule of thumb is to stop feeding the moment the bunny does not accept its formula greedily or the moment its tummy becomes slightly rounded. Feeding 1-3 week old baby rabbits too infrequently (only 1–3 times a day) also encourages them to over-nurse. Over-distending the poor infant’s stomach is also a problem when formulas are too dilute – such as straight goat’s milk or canned KMR. Remember, real cottontail milk is very thick and rich – 33% solids! . Some people say these bunnies die of “bloat” – which is sort true. But it was milk bloat, not gaseous bloat.
Mortality Due To Dysbiosis (=wrong or missing intestinal bacteria)
People who raise orphan cottontail rabbits know all about this problem even if they do not use the word, dysbiosis. They get in 1-2 week old baby bunnies that look great. The rabbits nurse well, grow well, and then suddenly drop dead. They may look fine in the morning, a bit apathetic at noon, and gone a few hours later with only a few terminal signs. Occasionally, they have diarrhea, but most do not. Some also call this “bloat” but that is not what really happened. Others call it acute enterotoxemia or acute mucoid enteropathy, which is truer. Here is what is really happening – it is a long and complicated story:
When cottontail rabbits are born, there are no bacteria in their digestive systems. Dysbiosis is a fancy word for the wrong intestinal tract bacteria. If the right ones are not provided (by you), the wrong ones will inevitably take over.
Well, Does All That Have To Do With This Bunny?
Your hand raised baby bunnies do not have a source of these important protective organisms. In the wild, it would have received them from its mother as she groomed them and as they would have been contaminated by or ingested her stools.
How Do I Prevent These Digestive Problems In The Cottontail(s) I Am Raising?
You will have to bring these important organisms to the bunny yourself. You are their momma now and it’s your job. If you aren’t up to it, give the rabbit to someone who is.
Cottontail and other rabbits produce two types of feces, the first-pass feces that I mentioned called cecotrophes (aka “night soil” or night stool) and ordinary bead-like, roly-poly rabbit droppings.
The critters you need are in their highest concentration in the cecotrophes. Since the role of each organism is unknown, you need to supply all the types that are present. I am sure a few types survive in ordinary rabbit droppings – but not all of them do and not in sufficient quantity. Some of these organisms are fairly stable, but others are very delicate. Many of these organisms are killed when exposed to air. Some survive up to 14 days at 40F in the fridge, but even there some types last less than a day. At 95 F/35 C, many types only survive 1–12 hours.
Cecotrophes (aka CTs, Transfaunation)
We all know what regular rabbit poop looks like. But the kind you need is different. Rabbits produce this form mostly at night. It is dark, sticky and clumpy and it smells. Most people, who have successfully raised orphan cottontails, get this material from a healthy mature domestic rabbit. Don’t look for one at the feed store or pet shop. You need a healthy, well-adjusted, domestic rabbit that has been eating a hay and rabbit pellet diet for a considerable period of time. Check with your local 4-H or FFA. Pet domestic rabbits that are being fed too rich a diet do not make good donors.
In the morning, you can often find a few cecotrophes that have dropped through the rabbit’s wire cage floor or in corners and nooks in the rabbit’s cage. (it is not good to keep rabbits on wire – but that’s a different problem). One can also put a rabbit in an Elizabethan collar to keep it from eating its cecotrophes the previous night. Be sure there is new paper under the cage. Slope the floor to prevent urine from contaminating the material.
Feeding one cecotrophes to the baby cottontail a day is sufficient (less to smaller babies). Many are soft and gooey enough for you to just place it in the infant’s mouth and let him swallow it. It is better to give a small amount of this material on many days than it is to give a large amount only a few times. If conditions are right within the rabbit, the organisms in the cecotrophes will proliferate and flourish in the bunny’s cecum. If conditions are not right, no amount will flourish. Some people liquify the cecotrophes, so they can feed them with a syringe. This is probably OK if you mix it with a thick formula, not water. The organisms need the buffers to survive. Cecotrophes also contribute important enzymes that help the bunny digest its food.
You can also mix it into the bunny’s milk formula, but I prefer not to do this because it breaks down the mucus that protects these fecal organisms from strong acids in the bunny’s stomach. (read here)
Give cecotrophes 2–3 times a week until the bunny is weaned. When these organisms will all take hold and flourish depends on the changing acidity of the bunny’s digestive tract as it matures, the food being fed and the pioneer organisms that have already established themselves there.
Some rehabbers have had success refrigerating cecotrophes material and using it later. But I doubt that the entire population that was initially present survives long in the fridge. Some of the organisms are more stable than others, and perhaps they are all that will be needed. Home freezer temperatures do not preserve some of these bacteria well and none of the normal protozoa survive freezing. (I have used products called cryoprotectives to freeze some of these organisms in liquid nitrogen when I had unlimited resources to do so.) (read here)
Do not allow your cottontails to nibble on plant material (hay, grass, etc.) before you have begun them on cecotrophes. The plant material will simply rot in their cecum if they do not have the cecotrophic bacteria to help them digest it.
Does This Orphan Need Veterinary Or Emergency Care?
Cottontails are easily injured when they have been caught by pets. When it was a house cat that caught them, the damage can be unapparent to you – but still fatal.
Many I see were run over by lawnmowers. These bunnies need immediate, specialized care. Dog and cat veterinarians are generally not adept (successful) at treating wild bunnies. Call a wildlife rehabilitation specialist and ask where to take the rabbit. Cottontails do not handle antibiotics well. When they must get antibiotics, only certain ones (e.g. Bactrim®/Septra®) can sometimes be used successfully, and the good bacteria and other flora of their digestive systems still ought to be replaced when the antibiotics are no longer in their system.
Check the baby thoroughly for any evidence of limping, wounds, blood, missing fur, abnormally low body temperature, erratic breathing, or dehydration. Ear mites can make these creatures miserable. People who make bunny rehabilitation a focus of their lives are better equipped to deal with these injured babies than most veterinarians or the general public.
Injured or stressed baby cottontails have a much greater chance of survival if you personally take them to a wildlife rehabilitation center and not just drop them off at your local veterinarian’s hospital or some other pickup point. That hospital will probably just call a rehabber for a pickup. That wastes precious time the bunny may not have. Besides, the rehabber is busy enough caring for her/his animals and doesn’t need to be driving around picking up new ones. Good meaning people with time on their hands may provide this service, but they are often clueless as to the needs of orphans.
Bunnies that have been abandoned for more than a day are often dehydrated. When the skin at the nape (base) of the neck is pinched, it will spring back slower if the baby is dehydrated. Mild dehydration can be treated with oral fluids (Pedialyte™). But severely dehydrated bunnies will no longer absorb fluids given orally. Those rabbits need subcutaneous injections of fluid (ringer’s solution, etc.). If you are reading this article and not a wildlife health care professional – that is something you should not attempt.
One big advantage that seasoned wild rabbit rehabilitators have is that, from their past sad experiences, they usually recognize the signs of gastrointestinal problems sooner than you will. Sick baby bunnies go downhill lightening-fast. From the first sign that something is amiss to the death of the baby can be as short as an hour. In handling baby bunnies for the first time, remember they jump like springs and are easily injured when they are dropped – so cover your hand.
Low body temperature is very dangerous. Baby should not feel cold in your hand. Its gum color should be bright pink – not bluish. Its nose should be of a uniform color with no crusts. It should wiggle its nose. The best way to emergency warm baby bunnies it is with heated towels or a blow-dryer as you shield the baby from direct dryer heat with your hands. Human hair dryers produce extremely hot air, so be cautious. I prefer warmed dry towels when I can because blow driers are so noisy and stressful. Once it is warm, wrap it in a cotton sock or washcloth and place it on a hot water bottle.
Give nothing by mouth until its body temperature feels warm and then just a drop or two of warmed Pedialyte™. Any bluish color is a very worrisome sign.
How Fast Should This Bunny Grow?
I suggest that people who contemplate raising orphan baby cottontails purchase an accurate small digital scale. 
Weigh the bunny every day at the same time and jot its weight down in a notebook. Ideally, it should gain weight every day throughout the period you care for it. Some days it will gain more weight than others. But a period of 2 days of flat weight or any loss of weight is not a good sign.
These are average growth curves for wild, mother-raised baby cottontails. They are not going to exactly match the growth curve of your cottontail because the cottontails that live in your area may be larger or smaller, their litter size influences their growth rate, and the formula and amount you feed are not going to match that provided by their mother. Your rabbit will do fine even when it is above or below the general curve. But the shape of the curve you plot should generally match the shape of the curve I have provided. There is as much danger in a bunny growing too fast as there is in one growing too slow.
Cottontail rabbits reach about 90% of their adult body weight 125 days from birth. Their most rapid growth is in their first 60 days. At birth, they weigh from 28 to 40 grams. They wean at about 118 grams. Their final adult body weight is about 1,150 grams.
What Should I Feed This Baby Cottontail Rabbit?
Diets for wild cottontails have always been a source of confusion and contention. There are three reasons for this:
The first is that there are so many independent bunny rehabbers in the US who do not coordinate their efforts or are reluctant to share information. The exact nutritional needs of baby livestock, dogs, cats and humans have been known for a century. But when it comes to the nutritional requirements of orphan cottontails, we are more or less clueless. Things generally don’t get done in the US unless there is some financial incentive for doing them.
The second is that there are so many factors, other than formula, that can lead to baby bunny death or failure to thrive. It is always easiest to blame formula constituents for limited success or attribute success to some “magical” ingredient.
The third is that all replacement formulas, goat’s milk included, vary from batch to batch and none of them perform as well as real rabbit milk. (read here) All powdered infant animal formulas consist of natural raw ingredients, purchased from commodities brokers. There is a limit to how many tests a company can perform on the ingredients that go into their formulas and still make a profit.
Wild cottontail rabbits feed their babies milk that is exceedingly rich. It is about four times as high in protein and fat as cow’s milk and is much richer than cow’s milk in many vitamins.
Many people who successfully raise orphan baby cottontail rabbits in the United States use a formula made from a combination of powdered KMR (kitten milk replacement) and another product called Zoologic 30/55® (aka Multi Milk®). Generally, they are mixed 1 part KMR, 1½ parts Zoologic 30/55/Multi Milk and 2 parts of warm, previously boiled water. This gives a consistency that at about twice as thick as the mixing directions on the label. It must be fully dissolved and smooth – never lumpy or gritty, and it should not settle to the bottom.
These products are made by PetAg. Similar products are manufactured by Fox Valley. Many get equally good results with Zoologic 33/40 mixed with Multi-milk. PetAg was spun off from Borden’s and is, of the writing, a small, privately owned company. If you live outside of North America, you can try to obtain one of the Wombaroo product lines. All commercial powdered milk formulas are complex recipes, having limited shelf life and rely on ingredients that can vary from batch to batch. Do not feed any batches that are lumpy, smell rancid, have been stored in hot environments or are reaching their expiration dates. Refrigerate the containers as soon as you purchase them. Their dry commercial formulas have varied from batch to batch, and they have a reputation for a short shelf life. The problem with feeding formulas based on only powdered KMR is that no matter how you dilute it, it will not match the fat or carbohydrate content of cottontail rabbit milk. That is why some rehabbers use powdered Esbilac instead or add heavy whipping cream. Never use a sweetened cream.
There are only a few suppliers of the Zoologic line in the US. In a pinch, some prepare a formula consisting of 1 part heavy whipping cream can be added to 3 parts powdered KMR and 3-4 parts water until you can get your hands on a can of Zoologic, UPS overnight.
If any of these formulas cause diarrhea, try feeding it more diluted with Pedialyte™, in smaller amounts and at an increased frequency. It is not so much that diluteness lessens diarrhea, but it does replace the fluids lost to diarrhea.
KMR and Esbilac are also sold premixed in cans. They are not suitable for use in feeding rabbits. Their biggest drawback is that they are too dilute out of the can. Baby rabbits would have real problems drinking enough to meet their nutritional needs. But even their diluted nutrient analysis is too dissimilar from cottontail milk to sustain baby rabbits for very long.
If you would like to read a letter from a successful cottontail rescuer in Ohio regarding her techniques, go here: bunnies-rehabber Ohio
Goat Milk Formulas
For over 30 years we have known that rabbits can be successfully raised on formulas based on goat milk. I have no experience doing so. Ordinary goat’s milk is, too dilute in nutrients to sustain cottontails when fed in normal amounts. But it is sold by Meyenberg in a more concentrated powdered and an evaporated form that can be the basis of cottontail formulas.
When you have decided which formula you will be using, mix up enough for one day and store it in the refrigerator. Use the same degree of sanitation and cleanliness as you would for a human infant.
At What Temperature Should I Feed These Formulas?
The formula should be warm to the touch but not too hot – the same temperature that you would choose for a baby human infant. Microwaving formula can cause hot-spots that scald the baby, and repeated microwaving or freezing and thawing destroys vitamins. Just run hot water into a pan and drop the syringe into that until it comes to temperature.
How Should I Give The Milk?
I prefer a 1cc tuberculin syringe with removable needle. Your veterinarian should have some. Use and re-boil them between feedings until they no longer hold vacuum. As the babies grow, switch to a 3ml syringe. Ask for syringes that are not “luer lock”. If none are available, it is best to remove the needle locking mechanism from the tip with snips.
For very small or weak bunnies, I place a 22Gu soft intravenous catheter on the tip. Some rehabilitators prefer a rigid stainless-steel feeding tip. A pet nursing bottle can be used for the largest babies – but only if they are bright and chipper.
Squeeze pipettes also work well – you can draw out the tip when it is softened over a cigarette lighter. Teat cannulas can also be used for tips. Here is a photo of some of the supplies I find useful: 
Bunnies like to take their time nursing. That is fine when you have one or two babies – never rush them. But nurturing baby cottontails that way consumes too much time when rehabilitators are drowning in rabbits. In those cases, the babies can be feed more rapidly and safely with a gastric tube. Do not attempt this without instruction – it is very easy to deliver too much milk, causing pneumonia or suffocation.
However you feed, do not depress the plunger of the syringe any faster than the baby swallows. When you coax it, most cottontails will lick or lap up the drop of milk on the end of the syringe. Advance the plunger down slowly as need be. You will need to actually put the end of the syringe in the mouth of small babies that still have their eyes closed. (of course, without the needle).
How Much Formula Should I Feed?
You will find many different suggested feeding amounts. That is because the amount that needs to be given will vary considerably depending on the richness of the formula you feed and the frequency at which you offer it. Rather than follow those guides, feed your bunny as long as it greedily accepts the formula and stop when it doesn’t. Never continue to encourage them to swallow when they are no longer enthusiastic about it.
Feed the baby until its stomach has filled out but is not so much that it becomes firm, taunt or hard. When in doubt, feed less but feed more frequently until you are confident the cottontail is thriving. If it is steadily gaining weight, you are doing fine,
I know of rehabbers who do fine giving approximately 10% of the bunny’s weight (grams=cc=ml) 3 times a day up to a maximum of 6 cc, weighing them at every feeding. Once they are nibbling, they feed less or skip feeding if their weight gain was sufficient during the day.
How Often Should I Feed?
I feed cottontail babies every 2–3 hours during my waking hours until their eyes open. There is no need to try to duplicate their natural twilight and nighttime feedings. Then I gradually reduce my feedings to every 3–4 hours during their 2nd to 4th week. If the babies do not appear to be hungry, I try again a few hours later.
Feeding less frequently decreases the rehabilitators work load, but it greatly increases the chance that the baby will accept a greater volume of formula than is healthy for it.
Check the baby’s weight regularly for slow steady growth. If they aren’t steadily gaining weight on a balanced formula, feed them more frequently or increase the concentration of the formula.
When you first begin feeding the bunny, feed the formula very dilute (1/3 formula, 2/3 Pedialyte™) the first few times. At this stage, what the rabbit needs is the fluids in the milk to combat any dehydration it may have suffered, and it needs to become accustomed slowly to the ingredients in its formula it is not used to. Your formula is not going to be identical to what it was drinking in the wild.
If the baby is not alert, if it is limp or weak or if it is cold – these initial fluids need to be given subcutaneously by injection – not by mouth. They need to be administered by someone who knows what he/she is doing.
How Should I Hold The Bunny When I Feed It?
I try to hold the babies in a position I imagine they would suckle if they were feeding on their mom. I do not hold them upside down on their backs because I feel they are more likely to aspirate the milk in that position. Tilt their head slightly higher than their posterior and hold them firmly, but not so tight as to make it difficult for them to suck or breath. Wrap them loosely, like a burrito, in a soft sock or section of cloth to sop up the drips and give them a sense of security.
If you are uncertain if a newly arrived bunny will bolt or jump, feed it sitting close to the floor. New arrivals will often jump suddenly when you least expect it. Even rabbits that have been with you for some time need to be supported firmly to prevent them from injuring their legs and spines.
Other Feeding Tips
Drinking from a syringe must seem very odd to the bunny at first. It is used to sucking on a warm, soft nipple. There is medical grade, Silastic™ (silicone rubber tubing) that I sometimes threaded over the syringe tip to give it a soft, natural like feel. Just be sure the bunny does not swallow this tubing. Keep a box of Kleenex handy to pat dry the baby’s nose as it nurses before milk can pass up its nose.
Do not save left over milk from earlier feedings. Try to avoid contaminating your reconstituted refrigerated supply as little as possible. When in doubt as to freshness throw it away. Feeding multiple litters from the same container is to be avoided. These formulas tend to settle to the bottom on standing. Stir them well before you use them.
I find it easiest to get the syringe tip into the bunny’s mouth from the side and then slowly move it to the front as the rabbit feeds. The lips to the rear form a natural pool that allows the rabbit to get a small a taste of the formula before it associates the syringe with mealtime.
Hygiene
It is important to be sanitary when feeding a wild bunny. These cottontails have all been stressed, and stress lowers immunity to infection. They are also more susceptible to infection because they are not receiving their mother’s antibodies in the milk substitute you are providing. I prefer boiling, microwaving and baking to destroy bacteria over the use of bleach and other antiseptic products. If you have to use an antiseptic cleaner, use ordinary 70% grain alcohol. Many rubbing alcohols have nasty bittering agents added to them to keep people from consuming them.
Hygiene becomes particularly important when large numbers of bunnies are being fed and cared for. This is because in large groups, there is always one or two that are ill, and you do not want those illnesses to spread. Wash your hands between animals, feed rabbits before other wildlife and feed the weaker ones and new arrivals last.
It is unwise to keep large numbers of bunnies in close proximity to other wildlife or pets. When animals live crowded or in close proximity, disease organisms in one, eventually move to all the others despite your precautions. I also prefer that one individual take total care of a specific animal and I encourage them to do that at their own home.
Once old enough to be eating on their own, don’t change the liners on bunny cages too frequently as the rabbits need to eat their fecal pellets.
Stimulating The Baby To Poop And Pee
This is only necessary for bunnies whose eyes have not yet opened and those that are not moving about on their own. After feeding, use a moistened Q-tip to gently stroke their genital area. Don’t be concerned if they do not always respond as long as their tummies do not become bloated. If you place white paper towels on the bottom of their box, you will see the yellow stains that show that they have begun urinating on their own. Be gentle.
When Should I Begin Solid Foods, And What Should I Feed?
My observation is that you won’t improve on how God manages His creatures here on Earth. You don’t see wild cottontails munching on apples, digging up carrots, chewing on corn or visiting health food stores. And the ones that don’t have access to homeopathic formulas and new-age medicine do just fine. If you want healthy wild bunnies, feed them what they were designed to eat.
When cottontails begin to become curious about the taste of things around them, give them the plants they would normally encounter and for which they were designed.
Pick a variety of these wild grassland plants and hays and offer them to your bunny:
I know that will be a lot more work for you than picking stuff up at the grocery, but it will increase the bunny’s chances of survival once it is on its own. Soon after the cottontail’s eyes have opened, and they venture about with curiosity, I keep hay and plants in their cages. By then the rabbits should have received sufficient cecotrophes from you to digest plants.
Try to pick young tender leaves, buds and new growth and don’t pick along polluted roadways. Observe what wild cottontails are browsing on in your area and include plenty of that as well. Plants are most nutritious when they are still growing. So pick in irrigated areas and select tender buds, shoots and new growth.
Farther south, St. Augustine grass and hibiscus flowers are fine to include. You are always much safer feeding a large variety of plants, not just one or two. You can supplement wild diet with supermarket- bought greens: endive, kale, romaine lettuce, watercress, turnip tops, chard, etc. Try to obtain the outer leaves the staff throws away. Supermarkets have always been more than willing to donate those products to me.
I do not offer cottontails rabbit pellets, although some folks do. If you do, pick the lowest caloric, name brand one you can find – not a finishing pellet.
I do not wash or disinfect the wild plants I gather – the food of wild rabbits is washed by the rain. The microscopic organisms that are naturally on them are particularly important if you are uncertain that the bunny received adequate cecotrophes.
As soon as the rabbits begin to consuming or nibble on these plants, I eliminate my noon formula feeding and begin to lessen the amount given in the AM and PM feedings. The stomach and intestinal conditions and bacteria required to digest plants are different from those necessary to digest formula. You can’t have both types of bacteria happy at the same time. That is why I do not use powdered formula or supplements as a top dressing. By 3–4 weeks, they should no longer need to be receiving formula. Formulas are “unfriendly” to the bacteria that normally begin to colonize rabbits at that age.
Should I Offer The Bunny Water At This Time?
Yes
Once the bunnies are out and about in their cage, I add a small crock of water. Jar lids are fine if you fill them with marbles. At this stage in their life, they are getting plenty of liquid through their formula, but I want the security of knowing it’s there if they want it. Sipper tub bottles are OK as well, as long as you are certain it is working as it should and that the rabbit understands how to use it. Coat the end of the sipper tube with molasses or peanut butter until you are certain it does.
Pre-release Caging
I construct my cages using pine framing and 1/2 inch hardware cloth, but there are many good alternatives. I have found that a 48”x 36” x 18” cage is sufficient as a pre-release cage for 3–4 rabbits, but you could construct them considerably larger. The top of the cage is hinged for access. You can use larger mesh, but I prefer this size because the cages are stiffer, and they keep out mice. I wash new cages with a vinegar solution before use. Do not use pressure treated or painted lumber. I place the cages at eye-level to deal with my backaches, but bunnies don’t appreciate people peering down at them.
Keeping a layer of dry hay on the floor of the cages keeps the bunny’s tender feet from becoming sore. Change it often. Add some cardboard shoe boxes for it to hide in and some fruit-tree branches to nibble on. If these cages are out-of-doors, they need a piece of sheet tin as a roof and placement to avoid the heat of the day. Other than that, use your imagination.
Both raccoon and opossum feces carry parasites that can kill rabbits. Arrange your cages, so no critters can climb over the cages at night or contaminate their future supplies.
This is a time when I let their natural fearful instincts and distrust of humans return. I place these cages where there isn’t much human traffic and only approach to service and check on them. Some bunnies become spooky and ready for release earlier than others.
When Should I Release This Bunny?
People feeding bunnies without cecotrophes often release them early (less than 5 weeks). That is one way to improve release statistics when providing deficient diets and a less than sufficient environment. It is also tempting when rehabbers are overwhelmed with mouths to feed. But I doubt that many of these rabbits survive.
Any hand-raised cottontail is going to be at a disadvantage when dealing with predators and dangerous situations. If you have personally raised this cottontail, you will instinctively know when the time is right. It should be alert when you are present, hunker down when confronted with sudden movements or people looming over it. It should be afraid of dogs. It should tense up or vocalize when you grab it. Cottontails often rear up on their rear legs about now – and they may show the beginnings of aggressive behavior to their cage mates – or you.
Check the long-term weather forecast for periods of good weather. I release them just before sunset.
If you deal with enough baby cottontails, there will always be a few “special needs’ bunnies that you know will never be able to adapt to truly wild living. Use your ingenuity with those – every one is different.
Where Should I Release The Bunny?
That is a dilemma that all wildlife rehabilitators face. If an area already has rabbits, it probably has all the rabbits that the plant-life there can support. If it has no rabbits, there is a good reason for that also. Either, there are not enough edible plants, there are too many predators or the area is being hunted. Your bunny already comes with a big disability – it isn’t as spooky as it should be about threats and dangers, and it will be potential finger-food for every predator in the area. Besides, God only destined that a very small percentage of young-of-the-year survive until the following spring.
Young cottontail rabbits hang out in relatively small areas of only an acre or two. In town, I find fenced drainage easements, fenced power plants, large city parks, museum lawns, churchyards and cemeteries best, as long as they also have some brushy areas in which to hide. Some of these areas are too cut off from wild rabbit populations to allow rabbits to have made their way there, but still have plenty of plant browse and no predators. Parks that allow pets are not good places. Nor are places close to busy roadways. The tamer an animal is, the farther away from humans I try to release it. Big country estates will often agree to let you release bunnies there. Closed military reservations are fine. So are airport clear zones if they do not have a “hazardous wildlife program” in place. Once you find a good release area, it is tempting to release too many bunnies there. If you get heavy into rabbit rehab, potential release sites will always be at the back of your mind when you are driving.
Tracts of land with “for sale” signs are not good locations, bottom land and field borders on established farms are. If you can conveniently stroll through the area without getting poked and thorned, the brush isn’t dense enough. Bunnies are particularly fond of brush piles. They are easy to build – the thornier and denser the better.
Look for established family farmers. I generally chew the fat with the farmer to casually inquire if they hunt bunnies or lease out hunting rights before I bring the subject up. Bring them some thank-you baked goods from time to time.
I Have Become Attached To This Rabbit. Should I Keep This Adorable Cottontail Bunny As My Pet?
No. Buy a domestic rabbit. It has been my experience that with time, these rabbits become spooky and many, when startled, will break their spines.
You gave this one a helping hand when it needed it. Now send it on its way and let it become what God intended. And remember that it is not the destiny of more than a few infant bunnies to survive to maturity. If that was not the case, the world would be head over heels in rabbits.
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