Why Is My Dog Or My Cat’s Blood Lymphocyte Count High Or Low?
Ron Hines DVM PhD
Changes In Your Pet’s Lymphocyte Count = Lymphs, Lymphos
Lymphocytes are one of the most interesting cells in your pet’s body. That is because of their complex origins, multiple abilities and the intricate things they are constantly doing to keep your pet healthy. When results come back from your pet’s CBC/ WBC count and blood chemistry panel, the number of lymphocytes in your dog or cat’s blood will be given as the total number per volume of blood (the absolute count) as well as the percentage of the total white blood cell count that lymphocytes comprise. Although there are three major types of lymphocytes (all with very different functions), the automated blood analyzers of today generally lump them all together. If a sizable portion of the lymphocytes are “atypical” in shape or the count is unusual in numbers, these machines can “flag” them for human verification using the older, microscopic methods (then you should see something similar to “verified by smear” written as a side note). In those cases, the staining characteristic of individual lymphocytes are generally added as a note at the bottom of your pet’s lab report.
Most cells of the body are translucent. To visualize their attributes better, the older techniques treat the cells with a variety of stains & dyes to bring out their fine details and characteristics.
Reasons Why Your Dog and Cat’s Lymphocyte Numbers (Count) Might Be High (Lymphocytosis):
Excitement fear and sudden stress are probably the most common causes of minor increases in your pet’s lymphocyte count.
Discontinuing long-term corticosteroid medications can cause a temporary increase in the dog or cat’s lymphocyte numbers.
Lymphocyte counts are often a bit higher in puppies, kittens and adolescent pets.
Cholangiohepatitis, fever of unknown origin (FUO), IBD in dogs and in cats, autoimmune disease, blood parasites in dogs (e.g. ehrlichia) and blood haemobartonella/mycoplasmosis in cats, hyperthyroidism in cats, Addison’s disease and some medications (e.g. methimazole to treat hyperthyroid cats) can all raise lymphocyte counts.
In older dogs and cats, lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma, pure red cell aplasia in cats (probably an autoimmune disease of the bone marrow), immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and thymus gland tumors (read here) can all affect your pet’s lymphocyte numbers.
[Lymphoma/lymphosarcoma or lymphocytic leukemia cancers can make total lymphocytes counts go both up or down.]
The most common reason automated counting machines falsely report high lymphocyte counts is mistaking abnormally high numbers of nucleated red blood cells (reticulocytes) for lymphocytes. Cancerous myeloma cells in circulation can also confuse these machines.
What If It Is Noted That Some Lymphocytes Are “Atypical” or “Reactive”?
The presence of these larger-than-normal lymphocytes in increased number (often with unusual stain colorations) indicates that your pet’s immune system is alerted and responding to some perceived threat. It doesn’t tell your veterinarian what that “something” is. It could be an infection (such as ehrlichia in dogs), it could be a recent vaccination or even a tumor.
When unusual numbers of atypical lymphocytes are seen, request that a clinical pathologist at the lab review them and the rest of the tests that were run. Sometimes, pursuing the causes with a lymph node biopsy might be warranted. That’s for the laboratory pathologist to decide. The causes of high atypical lymphocyte numbers in pets are not well studied.
Reasons Why Your Pet’s Lymphocyte Numbers Might Be Low (Lymphopenia):
Low lymphocyte numbers occur most commonly after pets receive corticosteroid medications or when their adrenal glands produce too much cortisol (Cushing’s disease).
Less reliably low numbers (lymphopenia) occurs early in parvovirus and distemper infection in dogs and in panleukopenia in cats or after prolonged periods of stress.
Low lymphocyte counts, sometimes accompanied by fever, are also a common finding in cats with FIP. (ref)
Your pet’s blood lymphocyte numbers can also go down when lymphocytes are lost into retained fluids (chylothorax) and in immune system malfunctions. Dogs and cats with significant kidney disease often have lower than normal blood lymphocyte numbers as well – probably due to a buildup of toxic waste products in their bloodstreams.
Medications given to fight cancer (chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, etc.) will also lower your pet’s lymphocyte numbers as will radiation therapy.
Some of my clients have been concerned that their elderly pet’s lymphocyte counts, when reported back from the lab, are somewhat low. I do not know of any studies in cats or dogs, but decreased lymphocyte counts are a normal result of the aging process in us humans.
Complementary Tests:
They would be based on the rest of your dog or cat’s WBC count and blood chemistry values, suggestions from the testing lab’s clinical pathologist, your dog or cat’s age, your veterinarians experience in dealing with other symptoms your pet is experiencing, its life history and environment.
DxMe
